Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization

Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization The Vietnam war heightening started with the Gulf of Tonkin episode. On August 2, 1964, USS Maddox, an American destroyer, was assaulted in the Gulf of Tonkin by three North Vietnamese torpedo vessels while leading a knowledge crucial. A subsequent assault appeared have happened two days after the fact, however the reports were crude (It currently gives the idea that there was no subsequent assault). This second â€Å"attack† prompted US air strikes against North Vietnam and the entry of the Southeast Asia (Gulf of Tonkin) Resolution by Congress. This goals allowed the president to lead military tasks in the locale without a conventional affirmation of war and turned into the legitimate legitimization for heightening the contention. Besieging Begins In revenge for the episode in the Gulf of Tonkin, President Lyndon Johnson gave orders for the precise shelling of North Vietnam, focusing on its air guards, modern destinations, and transportation foundation. Starting on March 2, 1965, and known as Operation Rolling Thunder, the shelling effort would last more than three years and would drop a normal of 800 tons of bombs a day on the north. To ensure US air bases in South Vietnam, 3,500 Marines were conveyed that equivalent month, turning into the principal ground powers focused on the contention. Early Combat By April 1965, Johnson had sent the initial 60,000 American soldiers to Vietnam. The number would heighten to 536,100 before the finish of 1968. In the mid year of 1965, under the order of General William Westmoreland, US powers executed their first significant hostile tasks against the Viet Cong and scored triumphs around Chu Lai (Operation Starlite) and in the Ia Drang Valley. This last crusade was to a great extent battled by the first Air Cavalry Division which spearheaded the utilization of helicopters for rapid portability on the combat zone. Gaining from these annihilations, the Viet Cong occasional again connected with American powers in ordinary, pitched fights inclining toward rather to fall back on attempt at manslaughter assaults and ambushes. Throughout the following three years, American powers concentrated on looking and wrecking Viet Cong and North Vietnamese units working in the south. Every now and again mounting enormous scope breadths, for example, Operations Attleboro, Cedar Falls, and Junction City, American and ARVN powers caught a lot of weapons and supplies however seldom connected huge developments of the foe. Political Situation in South Vietnam In Saigon, the political circumstance started to quiet in 1967, with the ascent of Nguyen Van Theiu to the leader of the South Vietnamese government. Theiu’s climb to the administration balanced out the legislature and finished a long arrangement of military juntas that had managed the nation since Diem’s expulsion. In spite of this, the Americanization of the war plainly demonstrated that the South Vietnamese were unequipped for safeguarding the nation all alone.

Different Attitudes

Question: Look at the changed mentalities towards sex guilty parties between the brain research and non brain research understudies. also, clarify the elucidating insights and inferential measurements. Answer: Distinct and Inferential insights We need to locate the distinct insights for the various factors under investigation. Likewise, we need to utilize the inferential measurements or two path investigation of fluctuation for checking the huge contrast between the various mentalities towards sex guilty parties among brain research and non brain science understudies. In the expressive insights, we need to discover the recurrence appropriations for the various factors with respect to brain research and non brain science understudies. In the inferential insights, we need to see the two path investigation of change for testing the huge distinction in the given degrees of the factors under examination. Above all else, we need to see the engaging insights for the given factors. The recurrence dissemination for the factors is given as underneath: Recurrence Distribution In this point, we need to see the recurrence circulations for the various factors under investigation. For the given information, according to sexual orientation dissemination, there are 22 male and 32 female saw in the information. The level of the male is given as 40.7% while the level of the female is given as 59.3%. For the dispersion of the ethnicity, there are 16 white people, 12 are dark British, 9 are Asian British, 2 are blended while 15 are African. Around 29 people are old enough range 18-24, 15 people are of 25-34, seven people are of 35-44, two people are of 45-54 and one individual are old enough more than 55. From the given information, it is seen that around 22 people see the BBC news, seven people see the ITV news, seven people see the channel 4, and two people see the channel 5 news while nine people see the SKY news. Likewise, it is seen that 35 people see the anecdotal wrongdoing dramatizations while 19 people don't see the anecdotal wrongdoing shows. Around 29 pe ople see the wrongdoing channel or narratives and 25 people don't see the prime channel or narratives. It is seen that around 14 people read the Guardian paper, 15 people peruses the paper SUN, 13 peruses The every day mail, 6 understands Independent, three peruses day by day broadcast while three peruses the mirror express. It is seen that around 38 people utilize the Facebook while 11 people utilize the twitter and 5 people utilize the instagram. Two Way ANOVA Presently, we need to see the two way ANOVA which is given as underneath: Here, we need to check the speculation whether there is any huge contrast exists between the various degrees of the factors, for example, male and female sex wrongdoers because of brain science and non-brain science understudies. The invalid and elective speculation is given as beneath: Invalid theory: H0: There is no any huge contrast exists between the various degrees of the factors such male and female sex wrongdoers because of brain science understudies and non brain science understudies. The elective speculation is given as beneath: Elective speculation: Ha: There is a huge distinction exists between the various degrees of the factors, for example, male and female sex wrongdoers because of brain science and non-brain science understudies. For this two route investigation of change, it is important to set up the degree of centrality or alpha worth and we accept the degree of criticalness or alpha incentive as 0.05 or 5% We need to check this case or theory by utilizing the two path investigation of change or two way ANOVA test. The two path examination of difference or ANOVA test for checking this theory is summed up as beneath: Presently, we need to take the choice dependent on the p-estimations of the given components or factors under examination. We realize the choice guideline which is given as underneath: We don't dismiss the invalid speculation if the p-esteem is more noteworthy than the given degree of importance or alpha worth and we dismiss the invalid theory if the p-esteem is not exactly the given degree of criticalness or alpha worth. Here, we are given a degree of noteworthiness or alpha worth = 0.05 or 5% level of importance. For this two way ANOVA we get the majority of the p-values more prominent than alpha worth 0.05, so we don't dismiss that there is no any huge contrast between the given levels and replications. Accordingly, we infer that there is no any critical distinction exists between the various degrees of the factors such male and female sex guilty parties because of brain research understudies and non brain research understudies. References: Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, second ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, sixth ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, second ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Dwindle J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.

Tips on Saving Money with Two Wheels

Tips on Saving Money with Two Wheels Tips on Saving Money with Two Wheels Tips on Saving Money with Two WheelsBiking instead of driving comes with both pros and cons, but it’s hard to argue with the overall cost savings.Millennials are embracing multimodal transportation â€" that is, transportation that involves different ways of getting around. They are willing to bike, take the bus, and use other types of public transport or some combination.The reasons are debatable, but one could argue the cost of commuting by car is one of the reasons. Annual car insurance premiums are more than $2,000 in some states and some people are struggling to afford it â€" not to mention the gas.The environment and hope of fighting street congestion are other reasons. Biking and buses are more environmentally friendly transportation options, and theoretically, people using public transport could reduce the number of single-occupant cars, and therefore, traffic. In the most congested cities, commuting by bike can actually be faster than using a car or even train, especially w hen you factor in the time it takes to look for a parking spot.But you don’t have to be a big-city New Yorker to financially benefit from bicycle commutes. Biking can be a way to save on gas if you own a car, or a way to supplement your transportation options if you don’t.Yearly cost of bicycle vs. car commuting    Without considering the cost of the actual vehicle, the potential cost of any personal loans you took out to pay for it, and the depreciation of the car’s value as you drive it, the average annual cost of owning a car is around $5,000. This includes insurance premiums, gas, maintenance, and registration and taxes. This cost can vary quite a bit depending on your local insurance premiums, your daily mileage, and seasonal considerations that burn gas like heat and air conditioning.For those trying to just save money on gas, know that more than one-fifth of that cost is fuel at an average of $1,681 per year.To compare, the basic setup for a bike commute can cost:Around $200 for a used and tuned bicycle from your local used bike shop$100 for a bike rack and pannier to hold your belongings as you ride$25 for a helmet$15 for a tire pump$15 for a secure u-lock$15 for bike lightsAll together: $370 for a basic setup that will get you to and from your destination with no additional costs. To be fair â€" your bike will require some maintenance, and accessories will sometimes need replacement over time, but many types of maintenance skills can be easily learned and accessories don’t have to be pricey (no matter what hard-core bicycle hobbyists tell you).If you assume that you will spend around $400 on the first year of owning a bike and maybe $100 a year after that, and you use the bike to replace a five-days-a-week work commute and some trips to the grocery store, you could be saving a pretty penny in gas money.If you manage to replace your car entirely, you can end up saving thousands. This is true even if you decide to upgrade to some more high-tech accessories and bicycle choices to make up for not having another form of transportation. As you get experience riding, you will figure out the best areas to invest.Not sure you want to commit?If you simply want to dip your toes into the possibility of biking and test it out, you can rent or borrow a bike. Many cities have bike share programs that will let you see what riding around your area is like.You can also combine biking with other forms of transport. This may be a good option for those with a particularly long commute. For example, most city buses have a bike rack on the front that enable you to bring your bike on the bus with you. This is a great solution to take the best advantage of both biking and bus transportation.For example, instead of walking to a stop, taking two buses, then walking again (taking at least an hour in the process), imagine biking 15 minutes to a stop, taking the most efficient bus across town, then biking the last half mile to work. This is most like ly still cheaper than owning a car.What if I sweat? And other practical concernsA lot of people resist the idea of biking because they feel that it’ll be difficult to do without showing up to work sweaty. They also worry about the different kinds of weather challenges. As a bicycle commuter myself, I have to admit that is part of it. My best advice is this:Get a waterproof backpack or pannier to protect your belongings on rainy days (not necessarily expensive).Bring a change of clothes and freshen up in the bathroom before work starts.If you’re especially lucky, your office or place of work may have a gym available to employees or nearby. Many workplaces offer discount programs on nearby gyms. You can use the gym for a quick shower in the morning when you arrive. A lot of bicycle commuters use biking to replace their regular aerobic exercise.Some beginner commuters also worry about safety. They may hear about cyclists getting hit by cars. In my experience, cycling can be a safe activity if you wear a helmet, follow road safety tips, and utilize back roads and cycling lanes as much as possible while avoiding the busy, bike lane-free streets. Your local biking association or club likely has advice for beginner cyclists and even some guided rides to introduce you to bike routes in your city and get a chance to practice bike safety with others. There is always a risk, but driving can be a risky activity, too.Have fun biking (while saving)This may seem like a lot to think about, but most bike commuters quickly adjust to the downsides of bicycling, just as those who drive cars get used to the traffic and the irritation of finding parking spots.Bike commuters who stick with it love being able to exercise instead of sitting in traffic. They often enjoy positive benefits to their health. They also like being in touch with nature and skipping the traffic and crowds. They like being part of a community of cyclists that care about issues affecting transportation, city development, and other common everyday concerns. They also love the money they save and the environmental benefits. Hopefully you enjoy these things about bicycle commutes, too.

Sociological Theories on Religion - 2049 Words

Sociological Theories Perspectives on Religion Christopher J. Reed Sociology 101 Mr. Nguyen March 14, 2011 Sociological Theories Perspectives on Religion When it comes to the social institution of religion, the three major sociological theories differ in a majority of ways. All three have their own way of how they perceive religion functions in society. The purpose of this paper is to show the impact each theory has had on religion as well as the people inside the institution itself. Religion has been around for many hundreds of years and has had a great influence on many things in societies over time and across the world, such as politics, economics, and has even led to many wars. But how would one come about with a definition of the†¦show more content†¦Religion can also be viewed with having the ability to provide assistance and ease some of the struggles during the many transitional stages of life. Transitions such as moving from one place to another, marriage, having children and death can be difficult situations throughout one’s life, but religion can help a person t hrough such difficult times. While the aspects of this paper so far have focused on the positive functions of religion, there are some negative aspects to this social institution also. One clear example of the negative aspect of religion is found in war. Since the beginning of civilizations, different religious groups have used religion as a force to conquer and kill others with differing views. This is still taking place to this day, as one can see by the conflicts that are taking place in the Middle East. The dysfunctional side of religion is where the functionalist and the conflict theorist find much in common. The conflict theorist would say that religion is a social institution that causes conflict and tension between different groups and cultures. The conflict perspective can be defined â€Å"as a sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood on terms of tension between groups over power, or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, a ccess to services, and politicalShow MoreRelated The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Essay2086 Words   |  9 PagesThe Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Sociological theories are usually constructed from ideas of early sociologist through scientific research in regards to developing a better understanding of how our social world operates. By gaining this type of knowledge, sociologist can better explain (to those who are interested) the social world that we have grown accustom to, as well as make predictions of how the social world will develop and function in the future. Three are three major categoriesRead MoreMarxist Perspective On Religion And Liberation Theology1199 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Marx’s conflict theory, which examined the interaction between economic systems and power structures such as religious institutions, the power relations of the economy were reinforced by â€Å"traditional religious icons or the modern icons of mass consumerism† (Callaghan 199). His belief that religious icons and icons of mass consumerism are reinforcing oppressive structures could be viewed as a type of â€Å"method ological atheism†, for Marx fails to acknowledge the significance of transcendenceRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pageson â€Å"the social† was focused on production relations and how the classes interacted with one another through that type of relationship (Marx 1844). Weber’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on meaningful relationships and he brought the aspect of religion and rank into his view (Weber 1925). Lastly Durkheim’s view on â€Å"the social† was focused on the moral relationships and how the individual acts according to society’s setup and social cohesion (Durkheim 1895). Conceiving the Social Marx thoughtRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 PagesSociologist argue that â€Å"the sociological perspective is a way of thinking; a form of consciousness that challenges familiar understandings of ourselves and of others, so we can critically asses the truth commonly held assumptions† (Micionis and Plummer 2008:10). This essay supports this statement by analysing and discussing the significance of sociological perspective in our everyday lives. According to Peter L. Berger sociological perspective is described as the link between societal events andRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1447 Words   |  6 PagesReligion has been, and forever will be a part of culture and society. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim are the top three most important figures in sociology; and although each of them viewed religion differently, I strongly believe that they understood its power, and demonstrated its importance to people and societies. As suc h, I will utilize all three of these great minds, to demonstrate religion as an important and permanent part of culture and society. Let s begin with Karl Marx, andRead MoreSigmund Freud And Emile Durkheim On Religion1587 Words   |  7 Pagesand Emile Durkheim on religion, looking at how both theorists essentially viewed religion as serving an integral role in human culture. In particular, this essay considers how both theorists consider religious believers to be mistaken in their ontological beliefs, and the rational causes for this. While both Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim are concerned with the study of human behaviour as it relates to culture, each does so from within distinct traditions. In terms of religion, Freud’s approach belongsRead MoreImmigration Perpectives in US1473 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent than their parents, socially or professional, children maturing into adults will bring a wide variety of cultural changes and differences that older generations struggle to understand and see as odd, possibly even dangerous. Max Weber’s sociological philosophy for analyzing different values, morals and lifestyles with a neutral view point could be considered the only way we can grow as a society, integrate different ways of life into the giant melting pot of our world and understand youngerRead MoreFamily and Religion : Influence on People Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesFamily and Religion: Influence on People If you asked people to describe their families, some would describe single-household families, some would describe stepfamilies, some would describe gay or lesbian or adoptive families and many would describe divorced families. The word family has become a diverse institution it is very difficult to give it a meaning. In a wide sense especially in the biological sciences the term family refers to a group of individual beings linked by blood relations,Read MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1515 Words   |  7 Pagesco.uk]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th century the ‘Enlightenment’, which was a philosophical movement that s tressed human reasoning over bling faith and obedience. At the time it was different to theRead MoreSociological Theories And Concepts Of Functionalism And Stratification1518 Words   |  7 Pages2006, p.2]. The term ‘sociology’ was developed by Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, in 1838. Comte believed that scientific facts are able to explain the social world. Sociologists, such as Comte, study issues including: education, inequality and religion. Comte believed that sociologists play crucial roles in guiding society. In the 18th century the ‘Enlightenment’, which was a philosophical movement that stressed human reasoning over bling faith and obedience. At the time it was different to the

Changing The Pattern Of Foster Care As An Intervention...

TWO-PARENT FOSTER FAMILY FOR FATHERLESS CHILDREN: Activating The Role Of The Father An Hoang Thi Nham Columbia International University Author note An Hoang Thi Nham An is now working as a coordinator for the organization for orphans in Vietnam. This research was supported in part by Homes of Love Inc, USA. Contact: an.nham@mailbox.ciu.edu Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover and to describe the results of changing the pattern of foster care as an intervention program on basis of 3 years of application for the group of teen girls who go through childhood without the shadow of their own father. There is a dramatic impact of father absence on these children s psychological†¦show more content†¦For some reason, the fathers did not live with their women; in other words, they abandoned them. As the results of the quick love, kids are born without father. No one knows where that father goes, what he does, just know that poor single mothers with children have a hard time to do living. They struggle with financial hardship every day. Some statistics from UNICEFF reveal that the major contributing factor to child abandonment is poverty. In this research, I want to mention a program that can intervene to help the children from the poor single-parent family without fathers. Like other mothers in the world, it is rea lly not an easy task for them to send their child to others’ care because of flesh and blood relation, but they must accept it. Very few of these mothers have the opportunity to send children to the foster homes or families as their adopted children. Moreover, in Vietnam, there are not many such the families for these traumatized children. In other words, foster care is not popular. As for the kids, in the culture of Vietnam, the fact that they are motherless is okay, but if they have no father, they will be teased and even despised because they are seen as ‘bastard child’ or ‘illegitimate child’ for those around them. This severely impacted on children’s psychological and emotional development, and their school performance as well, especially on

Abortion Should Not Be Banned Free Essays

Abortion is a widely debated topic that has been conflicting politicians and women around the world. Abaluck’s article, â€Å"Late-Term Abortion Should Not Be Banned† did not provide half as many sources or facts as Boland’s article, â€Å"Second Trimester Abortion Laws Globally. † Boland provided more statistics and alternant resources for the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Should Not Be Banned or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can look impressive if an author throws in an extensive reference list, but if he does not persuade you in an argument, all he has done is give you a history lesson. This is a perfect example of what Boland did in his essay. Of the two articles I researched, Abaluck’s article was more argumentative and forced me to question my own morals and view-points on abortion. Abaluck stated his opinion immediately by having his argument presented in his title. I loved this about his article because when I am reading something, it is hard for me to follow only numbers. I do not want a math lesson; I want my brain and beliefs to be challenged. I believe Abaluck’s article provides the necessary evidentiary support to persuade the audience to have mutual feelings about his stance on late-term abortion. There are two completely different vibes given off in each article. Abaluck’s article, â€Å"Late-Term Abortion Should Not Be Banned† was definitely my favorite because he gave an actual argument. With all of the facts he provided, he seems to know a significant amount of information about abortion and acts so passionate about it. However, Boland’s piece is the polar opposite of an argumentative article. This is one of the most informative pieces I have ever read and I feel much more aware of how other countries view abortion. I know this is the effect Boland was going for, and the article succeeded its purpose. Boland’s article was just straight facts and kind of boring. Although I was given more information in Boland’s article, I was not persuaded either way on the argument. The credibility of each author is high, but when it comes down to who I would want on my side in an argument, it would be Abaluck. Both authors work for Harvard in different areas. Jason Abaluck is the president of the Harvard Liberal Monthly Magazine and Reed Boland is a research associate at the Harvard School of Public Health. This spikes heir credibility through the roof and gives me no doubt that they know what they are talking about when it comes to research. Since Abaluck writes for a liberal magazine, I am sure his argument is a little biased considering his political views, but unlike Boland, he actually has an opinion. I am more apt to be pulled towards something with a little bit of passion and heart. Part of human nature is forming an opinion by listening to, reading, or watching someone else’s opinion and deciding if you agree or disagree depending on your moral beliefs. I believe late-term abortion should not be banned. A woman’s health should always be taken into consideration especially when there are expected complications. During a second trimester check up, you are likely to be able to see any abnormalities developing in your child. This is the time where it is not only crucial to be able to ensure your baby’s life is developing correctly, but also that the woman is remaining healthy. Most late-term abortions are not done just because a woman changes her mind about having a child. These abortions should not be banned because a lot of times, it is crucial to the woman’s life to have this done. Not only does this affect her physical well-being, it also affects her mentally. For the rest of any woman’s life, she will remember and think about the baby she â€Å"almost† had and she will likely require therapy. Yes, there is always the chance a woman is not having an abortion for all the right reasons, but the attachment that forms between a mother and child cannot be torn so easily. If late-term abortion were to be made illegal, a woman would have no choice but to have a child and risk her own life due to the known abnormalities of her child. The claim in Boland’s article is strictly informative. His article not only provides multiple, if not too many, statistics but also gives a table showing every country’s abortion laws. Maybe his intended audience was for people who were visiting the United States and wanted to see how their country lined up next to others. Most likely, he was writing this article just to inform whoever wanted to know about all the abortion laws worldwide. Regardless of who his audience is, he provides no information on what his personal view of abortion is. This fact made it hard for me to assess which article is better all around. I decided against Boland’s article because with all of the numbers and statistics, it was hard for me to follow along. If Boland had provided a little of his own opinion to spice things up, I would have gladly and openly considered his stance. The claim in Abaluck’s article was argumentative in that he gave his opinion and allowed no room for the other option. I liked that Abaluck’s article was argumentative rather than being strictly factual because he states his opinion, but was not pushy about it. Granted he does not acknowledge the other stand-point, he does not really make it seem like you should believe his argument. It is hard for an author to persuade their point without seemingly throwing it in your face, and I believe Abaluck demonstrated this perfectly. I was definitely persuaded by his article and took all of his ideas into consideration and even adjusted my view on the idea of late-term abortion. When beginning this assignment of researching my selected topic, I was completely against all types of abortion. Now, I realize there are a couple of reasons to reconsider this because you must always take the woman’s health into consideration. By including three personal stories in his article, I was forced to put myself in another person’s shoes and asked myself, â€Å"What would I do if this were me? † During the last few months of pregnancy, if the baby shows many signs of abnormalities or is going to threaten the life of the mother, late-term abortion should definitely be considered. If the unborn child stands little to no chance of survival, is it worth putting the woman’s life at risk? If Abaluck were to read Boland’s article, I believe it would only reinforce his viewpoint by giving him more reason to pull for not banning abortion. Since Boland does not provide an argument, it is easy to state that there is no disagreement shown when comparing the articles. If I were to sit down with both authors, I would first ask both of them to state their opinions and hopefully allow them to hash it out. It would not be difficult for me to assume that it would be an interesting debate knowing both writers know so much about the topic. Not knowing Boland’s stance makes it hard to assume that the two authors would argue, however I would love to assume there are at least a few differences in their beliefs. With Abaluck being a liberal, I am sure they would disagree on something. Or else, I hope they would because that would make sitting down with both of them way more entertaining. â€Å"When asked whether abortion should be legal, 80 percent of Americans say yes. When asked the same question about so-called ‘partial-birth’ abortion, 20 percent said yes. (Abaluck, 2007) Seeing this statistic, it is proven that terminology is crucial when presenting an argument. This proves that regardless of your argument, it would be easy to persuade an audience using harsh language like â€Å"partial-birth†. Even when I read an article against abortion, they used harsh terms like this and it made me resent people who would even consider having an abortion. However, once I learned the facts, I became aware that the language you use in an article is crucial to how you may persuade your audience. Abaluck brings this quote to your attention in the first paragraph of his article and clarifies the difference between real and harsh accusations against late-term abortion. By clarifying how to identify faulty terminology, Abaluck brings it to your attention that it is easy to sway people in your favor. I would undoubtedly say that Abaluck’s article was way better in not only getting a specific point across, but also persuading me and challenging my beliefs and morals. Being informed and having an opinion always go hand in hand and Abaluck’s article depicts this fact perfectly. On the other hand, Boland’s article was informative but very boring. To keep my attention, it is important to incorporate your opinion in order to challenge my beliefs. Although I was educated thoroughly on the topic of late-term abortion, I was not able to form an accurate argument after reading Boland’s article. He did not attempt to persuade me in either direction on the topic, so it was easy for me to determine the better of the articles. How to cite Abortion Should Not Be Banned, Essay examples

Revenge as The Source of Evil in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Revenge as The Source of Evil in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is filled with unfortunate occurrences caused by evil deeds. The evil deeds included in the play are deception, maltreatment of women and murder. However, what could be the cause of evil in the play? The source of evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet is revenge. Revenge is the origin of all evil in the play because all the evil acts were triggered by the Ghosts request of revenge to Prince Hamlet. Revenge is the clearly the source of evil in the play, as there were no evil acts committed prior to the Ghosts encounter with Hamlet. While it is true that Hamlet was deeply dissatisfied with the events which occurred after his fathers death, he never acted against anyone. For instance, Hamlet greatly disapproved his mothers marriage to his uncle. Need essay sample on "Revenge as The Source of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed He felt that Queen Gertrude rushed into marrying Claudius shortly after his beloved husbands passing. According to Hamlet, A beast that wants discourse of reason/ Would have mourned longer! (I.ii.154-155). In addition, he despised his uncle; he did not think Claudius could measure up to his late fathers capacity as king. Hamlet considered his father as so excellent a king, a hyperion compared to Claudius satyr (I.ii.143-144). Despite his unhappiness over the current situation, it must be noted that Hamlet did not inflict harm on his mother, uncle, or anyone else. College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. But I don't have the time Specialists recommend: Try Our EssayLab Revenge is the source of evil in the play because Hamlet began to carry out wicked deeds shortly after being confronted with his fathers spirit. On their encounter, The Ghost asked Hamlet to revenge his foul and most unnatural murder (I.v.31). It was not until after agreeing to the spirits request that Hamlet started his wicked ways. Deception can be considered as his first evil act, for Hamlet planned to act like a madman to deceive certain people. He revealed to Horatio that he would sometimes act mad to conceal his plan of revenge against King Claudius, his fathers murderer. One of the people he successfully deceived was Ophelia. He had acted in a bizarre manner around her that she became convinced of his apparent madness. She remarked, O, what noble mind is here oerthrown! (III.i.163). Evil in the play can also seen in the way Hamlet treated women. After heeding his fathers request for revenge, he maltreated Queen Gertrude and Ophelia. Hamlets misogyny was reflected in his verbal attack against both women. He called his mother as stewed in corruptionmaking love over the nasty sty (III.iv.105-106). Meanwhile, Hamlet advised Ophelia to enter the convent instead of considering marriage. He believed that women are the source of sinners in the world. He told her, Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? (III.i.131-132). Lastly, evil was manifested in the play through the murders committed in the play. These murders would not have been committed if the characters were not eager for revenge. First, Hamlet was unremorseful in accidentally killing Polonius. He stabbed Polonius behind the curtain, thinking it was King Claudius. Upon Polonius death, it was Laertes who sought revenge and planned to kill Hamlet. Unfortunately, Laertes also died due to his intention to avenge his fathers murder. Instead of killing Hamlet with a poisoned cup, King Claudius became responsible for the death of Queen Gertrude. While Hamlet successfully avenged his fathers death by killing King Claudius, he was also murdered by the poisoned sword. Revenge is the origin of all evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare. The spirits call of revenge triggered a sequence of evil acts committed by Hamlet, which in turn influenced the actions of other characters in the play. It was the desire for revenge which primarily caused the people to turn against each other in the Shakespearean tragedy. Indeed, the prevalence of evil in Hamlet was rooted in revenge. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: Washington Square Press, 1992.

Definition essay about being a college student

Definition essay about being a college student It is quite impossible to provide a universally accepted definition as to what does it mean being a college student. The reason for this is simple – there are as many points of view, in this respect, as there are students. Nevertheless, it is possible to reflect upon how I believe college students should be positioning themselves in life, which in turn would allow them to live up to the title. In this essay, I will aim to do just that.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition essay about being a college student specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, I think that being a college student means being a responsible individual, who believes that the studying represents its foremost priority. Therefore, under no circumstances may college students neglect taking care of academic assignments, provided by their teachers. Moreover, in order for just about any college student to be able to succeed academically, he or she must never cease striving to expand its intellectual horizons. Unfortunately, many students adopt a rather light approach towards pursuing a degree, which in turn undermines their chances of obtaining a diploma. In its turn, this also implies that, in order for college students to excel in their studies, they must be willing to act in a thoroughly self-disciplined manner. Second, being a college student suggests one’s willingness to not only memorize the taught material but to reflect upon it critically. What it means is that, every time when teachers present students with their own views on the significance of what they teach, students should be able to challenge these views. Being the representatives of younger generations, college students have all the right to have their opinions heard. After all, it will be up to them to define the ways of the future. Therefore, ever since their early years, young people who expect to become college students should strive to form t heir own opinions about the actual meaning of life. Third, even though that, in order for people to qualify to become college students, they must be thoroughly comfortable with the notion of responsibility, this however does not imply that they should only be concerned with the studying. Quite on the contrary – trying to have fun, whenever is possible, is the important part of students’ life. Therefore, there is nothing wrong about college students attending parties in their spare time, for example. By doing that, students are able to improve their communicational skills, which in turn should help them to grow into socially responsible individuals in the future.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fourth, being a college student means being willing to lead a physically healthy lifestyle. After all, it would prove quite impossible to imagine a drug-addict, fo r example, being in a position to qualify to enroll in a particular college, in the first place. It is understood, of course, that many college students simply lack time to be actively engaging with sports. This, however, should not prevent them from doing basic physical workouts on a daily basis. By leading healthy lifestyles, college students will not only able to benefit from it physically but also mentally. As the famous saying goes – healthy bodies contain healthy spirits. Fifth, being a college student means being able to take an active stance in life. College students are expected to take part in social and political discussions, because by doing it they can well contribute to the well-being of a society in which they live. Moreover, students’ willingness to do so is being consistent with the overall purpose of their studies, as such that are supposed to turn them into socially productive citizens. Therefore, it is crucially important for college students to n ever skip an opportunity to make their voice heard, when it comes to discussing particularly controversial issues. Sixth, being a college student means being willing to work on projects, relevant to the chosen career. For example, students that specialize in engineering are being often required to come up with their own designs for bridges, whereas, students that specialize in architecture are being encouraged to work on inventing new architectural styles. Apparently, it represents a matter of crucial importance for college students to not only strive to attain a professional excellence in the chosen professional field, but also to derive an emotional satisfaction out of pursuing a degree. And, one of the ways how students can go about deriving such a satisfaction, is applying their theoretical knowledge in practice. Seventh, being a college student means being willing to assist its underachieving classmates in coping with academic assignments. As we are being well aware of, wherea s, some students do not experience any problems with the studying, others do. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition essay about being a college student specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Very often, it comes because of these students’ exposure to poverty in their private lives. Yet, for as long as underachieving students get to experience the sensation that, despite their inability to score high, while tested, they nevertheless continue being appreciated by their peers, they will be more inclined to apply an additional effort into trying to catch up. Eighth, being a college student implies that the concerned individual should never cease referring to its teachers in a respectful way. Nowadays, it became a common practice among many students to blame teachers for receiving low grades. This situation, however, cannot be considered thoroughly normal. This is because, even though many teachers do seem to act in a rather intolerant manner towards some students, they are far from trying to cause these students any intentional harm. Quite on the contrary – such teachers’ behavior simply reflects their willingness to help the concerned students with obtaining diplomas. After all, it is only those students that pass final exams, who are able to graduate. However, sometimes is it particularly the lack of self-discipline, on the part of underachieving students, which hampers their chances to obtain a diploma. Therefore, before blaming teachers on the account of their assumed intolerance, responsible students should consider the possibility that their positioning, in this respect, may not be fully justified. I believe that the provided earlier definition of what it means being a college student is thoroughly appropriate. Even though it is being concerned with reflecting my personal opinions, I consider them perfectly valid.

The Philosophy of Avenue Q Lyrics - An Analysis

The Philosophy of Avenue Q Lyrics - An Analysis Avenue Q Lyrics - The Philosophy of Avenue Q Lyrics During a recent visit to London, I wandered through Covent Garden on my way to watch a West End production of Avenue Q. While passing various shops and street performers I spotted a large plaque placed on the walls outside of St. Pauls church. It was here, said the sign, that the famous Punch and Judy Shows were performed during the 1600s. Thats right, Shakespeares plays had to compete with puppet shows. In traditional Punch and Judy shows, the anti-hero Punch insults, pesters, and beats his fellow characters, much to the delight of the audience. The Punch and Judy shows were a glorious display of political incorrectness. Today, the tradition of puppets delivering obnoxiousness and social commentary continues with Avenue Q. The Origin of Avenue Q Avenue Qs music and lyrics were created by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx. The two young composers met in the late 90s while involved in the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop. Together they have written songs for Nickelodeon and The Disney Channel. However, they wanted to create a puppet-friendly show that was strictly for adults. With the help of playwright Jeff Whitty and director Jason Moore, Avenue Q was born - and has been a hit Broadway show since 2003. Sesame Street for Grown Ups Avenue Q could not exist without Sesame Street, the long running childrens show that teaches kids letters, numbers, and practical life-lessons. The premise of Avenue Q is that adolescents grow up without learning the truth of adult life. Like the puppet protagonist Princeton, many new grown-ups experience anxiety and confusion when entering the Real World. Here are some of the lessons offered by Avenue Q: School / College Does Not Prepare You for Real Life With songs like What Do You Do with a B. A. in English? and I Wish I Could Go Back to College, Avenue Q lyrics portray higher education as an extended stay in the carefree Land of Adolescence. Princetons main conflict is that he is drifting through life, trying to discover his true purpose. One would hope that college would establish this sense of purpose (or at least a sense of self-sufficiency), but the puppet croons to the contrary: I cant pay the bills yet / Cause I have no skills yet. / The world is a big scary place. The ensemble of characters, both human and monster, wistfully recall the days when they lived in a dormitory with a meal plan, a time when if things got too difficult they could just drop a class or seek an academic advisors guidance. This criticism of the education system is nothing new. Philosopher John Dewey believed that public education should proactively prepare students with useful critical thinking skills rather than just facts from books. Modern day critics such as John Taylor Gatto further explore the failures of compulsory learning; his book Dumbing Us Down: The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling explains why many people feel the same social / intellectual impotence expressed within Avenue Qs lyrics. The Freedom to Find Our Own Purpose Princeton decides that he should seek his purpose in life. At first his quest for meaning is guided by superstition. He finds a penny from the year he was born and considers it a supernatural sign. However, after a couple a false-start relationships and a dead-end job or two, he realizes that discovering ones purpose and identity is a difficult, never-ending process (but an invigorating process if one chooses to make it so). Steering away from lucky pennies and mystical signs, he becomes more self-reliant by the musicals conclusion. Princetons resolution to find his own path would be smiled upon by existential philosophers. The main component of existentialism is the assumption that humans are free to determine their own sense of personal fulfillment. They are not bound by Gods, destiny, or biology. When Princeton laments, I dont even know why Im alive, his girlfriend Kate Monster replies, Who does, really? A rather existential response. There Are No Selfless Deeds Perhaps there are good deeds, according to Avenue Q, but there seem to be no purely selfless deeds. When Princeton decides to generate money for Kates School for Monsters, he does so because it feels good to help others†¦ and he also hopes to win her back, thereby rewarding himself. The lyrics from Avenue Qs Money Song explain, Every time you do good deeds / Youre also serving your own needs. / When you help others / You cant help helping yourself. This bit of wisdom would please Ayn Rand, author of controversial classics such as Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead. Rands concept of objectivism which specifies that ones purpose should be the pursuit of happiness and self-interest. Therefore, Princeton and the other characters are morally justified in performing good deeds, so long as they do so for their own benefit. Schadenfreude: Happiness at the Misfortune of Others If youve ever felt better about your life after watching the miserable guests on a Jerry Springer re-run, then youve probably experienced schadenfreude. One of the Avenue Q characters is Gary Coleman, a real-life child star whose millions were squandered by his irresponsible family. In the show, Coleman explains that his personal tragedies make others feel good. Ironically, it becomes a virtue (or at least a public service) to be a wretched failure or a victim of calamity. (This by the way would would be frowned upon by Ayn Rand). Characters such as Coleman and the recently homeless puppet, Nicky, improve the self-esteem of the mediocre masses. Basically, these lyrics make you feel better about being a loser! Tolerance and Racism Avenue Q Heterosexual puppet Nicky tries to help the sexually repressed puppet Rod come out of the closet. He sings, â€Å"If you were queer / I’d still be here / Year after year / Because You’re Dear To Me.† A bit more devious (in a good way) is the song â€Å"Everyone’s A Little Bit Racist.† During this number, the characters proclaim that â€Å"everyone makes judgments based on race,† and that if we accepted this â€Å"sad but true† premise society could â€Å"live in harmony.† The song’s argument might be specious, but the audience’s self-deprecating laughter throughout the musical number is very telling. Everything in Life Is Only For Now Recently, â€Å"spiritual† books such as Eckhart Tolle’s have been asking readers to focus on the present, to embrace â€Å"The Power of Now.† (I wonder†¦ Does this message anger historians?) In any case, this currently popular concept stems from ancient times. Buddhists have long since explained the impermanence of existence. Avenue Q follows the Buddhist path in its final song, â€Å"For Now.† These cheerful Avenue Q lyrics remind the audience that all things must pass: â€Å"Each time you smile / It’ll only last a while.† â€Å"Life may be scary / But it’s only temporary.† In the end, despite its zaniness and crude jokes, Avenue Q delivers a sincere philosophy: We must appreciate the joys and endure the sadness we currently experience, and acknowledge that all is fleeting, a lesson that makes life seem all the more precious. Why Puppets? Why use puppets to deliver the message? Robert Lopez explained in a New York Times interview, â€Å"Theres something about our generation that resists actors bursting into song on the stage. But when puppets do it, we believe it.† Whether it’s Punch and Judy, Kermit the Frog, the cast of Avenue Q, puppets make us laugh. And while we are laughing, we usually wind up learning at the same time. If a regular human were on stage singing a preachy song, many folks would probably ignore the message. But when a muppet talks, people listen. The creators of Mystery Science Theater 3000 once explained that, â€Å"You can say things as a puppet that you can’t get away with as a human.† That was true for MST3K. It was true for the Muppets. It was true for the bombastically cruel Punch, and it is eloquently true for the ever-insightful show Avenue Q.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example I quickly recognized that opening up these sales channels would gain product exposure and substantial revenue growth for the company and thus made appointments with department store buyers to present our product lines. However, our President of Sales discouraged me from pursuing department stores and told me to focus on our current sales channels because it was too late in the season to change our designs and our production level was close to maximum capacity. Not one to be easily discouraged, I approached our Chief Operation Officer and Chief Financial Officer and presented my idea of special productions: uniquely designed and specially allotted productions for the department stores. They liked the idea and assigned me to head the project. I contacted the department stores’ senior buyer groups and marketing teams and worked with the production department to establish new production channels. I also worked with our design department to create exciting designs for our buyers. T he special production was further streamlined when I aggregated the department store’s marketing department with our own to create campaigns to strategically promote our products.

Sustainable transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable transportation - Essay Example newable resources is secured by using appropriate methods of regeneration, b) even if a specific transportation means is based on nonrenewable resources, it should be checked whether the amount/ volume of non-renewable resources used can be replaced by renewable resources of the same amount/ volume and c) the pollution caused as a result of the use of a particular transport means should not be above the limits set by the authorities (Daly 1996, in Black 36). At this point, a critical issue appears: are there specific facts that can lead to the characterization of a transport system as non-sustainable? The answer is positive. Indeed, as noted in the study of Black a transport system does not meet the requirements of sustainability when it is related to the following problems: a) extremely high atmospheric pollution, b) employment of non-renewable resources above the limit stated by the relevant authorities, c) quite high level of accidents, resulted either to deaths or to injuries, d) the level of the system’s congestion is high (Black 36). According to the above when having to check the sustainability of a transportation system it would be necessary to identify primarily the effects of the specific system on the environment. In USA the needs of transportation sector in petroleum are above the country’s oil production level; in fact the petroleum used in US’ specific sector reaches the ‘147% of US oil production’ (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). In addition, the petroleum used in US’ transport sector represents the ‘67% of the country’s overall petroleum use’ (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). It should be also noted that the high percentage of petroleum used in US’ transportation sector, about 63% is used by cars and light trucks (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). This percentage can be considered as high if taking into consideration the following fact: the energy employed for covering the needs of US’ transportation industry is about the one third

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt      Ã‚  Ã‚   The book under analysis herein is Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt.   The copy I am using in this research is published by Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1950.   The original version was published in 1922, but there is no information in this book regarding what printing or edition it may be.   This edition encompasses thirty four chapters which span 401 pages in length as they are printed here.   One interesting note is that the novel is dedicated to Edith Wharton.    The author of the work, Sinclair Lewis, was born in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, and holds the distinction of being the first American ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.   Lewis was born in the late 19th century and lived until the middle of the 20th century so he witnessed many social transformations, including electricity, the automobile and the rise of industrialism and urban centers.   His college years were spent at Yale and he worked early in his writing career as a newspaper journalist and editor.   His early works like The Job:   An American Novel were characteristic of the satire and realism that would come to be trademarks of his mature style.   Lewis would go on to write novels that satirized with little mercy the small rural town (Main Street), the 9-to-5 businessman (Babbitt) and those who tried to prevent scientific truth from emerging (Arrowsmith).   Elmer Gantry and Dodsworth were also literary successes and each was made into a Hollywood motion picture.      Lewis refused to accept the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith because the terms of the award stated that it was not being awarded for literary merit, but for the best demonstration of "the wholesome atmosphere of American life" (Murphy   597).  Ã‚   L... ...at Lewis must have been valid about such an environment if Sinclair would admit to such a belief.   Nonetheless, Lewis still enables us to believe in American society but refuses to allow us to accept its worse qualities as anything we should promote or perpetuate.    WORKS   CITED Dooley, D. J. (ed.).   The Art of Sinclair Lewis.   Nebraska, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967. Lewis, S.   Babbitt.   New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1950. Mencken, H. L.   Portrait of an American citizen. Light, M.   (ed.).   The Merrill Studies in Babbitt.   Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971:   25-27. Murphy, B.   (ed.)   Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia.   (4th edit.).   New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996. Sinclair, U.   Standardized America. Light, M.   (ed.).   The Merrill Studies in Babbitt.   Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971:   28-31.

Crude Distillation Unit

A REPORT ON CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION BY Mudit 2010A1PS349P Amanpreet Singh 2010B4A1356P Rishu Gupta 2010A1PS401P AT IOCL REFINERY, GUWAHATI A Practice School-I station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI July, 2012 PREFACE We feel immense pleasure in presenting before you this final report on our PS-1 program IOCL Guwahati refinery. This report encompasses a comprehensive discussion of what we learnt on this program. The report starts with a brief introduction about the organization i. e. IOCL Guwahati refinery.We have kept discussion in this section brief to focus more on our Project ‘Heat exchange and integration in CDU ’. The main report is divided into 4 sections. To start with, the first Section is a basic introduction to Crude distillation unit, its process and products. Heat exchange is among the most important activity for crude distillation units. The 2nd part of the report focuses on this heat exchange process occurring in the crude disti llation unit of Guwahati refinery. Necessary data regarding all the heat exchangers has been provided in a tabular manner to make understanding easier.The concept of critical heat exchanger is introduced subsequently in the 3rd section along with the case study of some important heat exchangers of the process. Heat duty &other calculations presented in this section for heat exchangers are clearly explained in step by step manner along with formulas used. Through these calculations we have tried to analyze whether these exchangers are working efficiently. In the Last part of the report we have given an introduction to ‘heat integration’ one of the most important tool for increasing energy efficiency of a process.Points discussed about heat integration in this section are: Meaning, Importance, its need in CDU, Tools. We have concluded this part with an example of heat integration done in 2010 in pre-heat train of CDU, showing how it helped saving energy & increasing effic iency. A final conclusion and glossary are provided to sum up the report. We hope you have a good time reading this report and find it informative and useful. Mudit, Amanpreet & Rishu Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 2 ACKOWLEDGEMENTA comprehensive report always requires the goodwill, encouragement, guidance and support of many people so we would like to start by thanking our college BITS pilani for initiating program like ps-1 thereby giving us the opportunities to visit real time industries and learn by working on hand in organizations as big as IOCL. Our sincere thanks to Mr. B K Das, CPNM and Mr. P S Sonowal for assigning us this important project on heat integration in refinery and getting us in contact with the required person in each unit. Without their help this whole program would not have been possible.We are indebted by the constant support and mentoring provided by Mr. Vijay Kumar, TS for the preparation of this report. Also, we take this opportunity to thank all the chief engineers, and workers we have met in different units who have received us with open hearts and helped us in learning the vast array of knowledge that a refinery holds. Mr. E Edmund of CDU, Mr. A. Bairagi of OM&S are just the few of these names with whom we shared numerous informative talks which finally went into the preparation of this report. We also express our deep sense of gratitude to IOCL administration for providing us with necessary data nd making our stay a pleasant one. Thanks to our families & friends for their constant support and encouragement throughout the period of preparation of this report. It goes without saying that we are sincerely grateful to our instructor, Mr. Prasantha G for coordinating this ps-1 program and giving us opportunity to present before him this report. Thank you all Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS S No. Topic Page No. Preface Acknowledgement List of Illustrations Abstract 2 3 5 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Introduction IOCL Guwahati refinery Production Units of Guwahati refinery 6 7 8 9 2. 1Crude Distillation Unit CDU : Process Description 11 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 CDU Pre-heat Train (Heat exchange Process) Introduction Shell & tube Heat exchanger Pre-heat train : Description 15 16 17 Heat Exchanger Performance Calculation Critical heat exchangers Performance analysis: Examples ? S-25A/B ? S-11C ? S-23A/B 22 23 23 25 27 Heat Integration Heat Integration : Introduction Heat Integration in CDU ? Need for heat integration in CDU ? Heat integration in Guwahati Refinery ? Example from pre-heat train 30 32 32 32 33 Conclusions References Bibliography Glossary 35 36 37 38 4. 1 4. 2 5. 1 5. 2 Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION NO. DESCRIPTION 1. 2. 1 1. 3. 1 IOCL Indian market share Table showing Production units 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 CDU flow diagram Table Showing CDU product properties 3. 2. 1 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 Types of Shell Tube heat e xchanger Pre-heat train flow diagram Table Showing cold section heat exchangers Table Showing mid section heat exchangers Table Showing hot section heat exchangers 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 4. 2. 1 – 4. 2. 3 4. 2. 4 – 4. 2. 6 4. 2. 7 – 4. 2. 7 5. 1. 1 5. 2. 1 5. 2. 2 Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-25A/B Properties, Design data, Practical data of S-11CProperties, Design data, Practical data of S-23A/B Steps of Heat Integration Heat integration in Pre-heat train S-11/c before & after heat integration Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 5 ABSTRACT Title of the Project: CDU: HEAT EXCHANGE & INTEGRATION Key Words: Crude distillation, Heat exchange, Heat integration, CDU-Pre heat train Project Areas: Heat exchange, Process design & optimization, Energy Abstract: In this work is on Crude distillation unit in a refinery & discusses the heat exchange process in it and introduction of the concept of heat integration which is of wide importance in CDU .CDU is used for crude fractionation and requires a temperature of 354 oC. To increase the temperature of crude 2 step process is used; heat exchange with product streams & furnace. In the shell & tube type heat exchangers of Guwahati refinery Low temperature crude exchanges heat with high temperature streams of SRGO, RCO etc. in 3 stages(cold , mid, hot). The performance of some of these heat exchangers have a major impact on production and are classified as ‘Critical' on the basis of different criteria like frequent fouling, Large surface area.Calculation of heat duty, LMTD of some of these heat exchangers(s/15, S/23a-b,s-24) is done using design & practical data to check whether they are working efficiently as compared to design. Heat integration is an important concept to increase energy efficiency of process through heat recovery. Tools like pinch analysis are used in high energy demanding units like CDU to optimize the Heat Exchanger Network for maximum efficiency. Analy sis of past heat integration done in Pre heat train of CDU is taken as an example for analysis. Signature(s) of Students(s) Date Signature of PS Faculty DateBirla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 6 1. 1 INTRODUCTION This Report is an analysis of the one of the most key elements of any crude distillation unit i. e. ‘Heat Exchange’ & ‘Heat integration’. The report is based on Work in CDU of Guwahati refinery. Crude distillation units are used for the fractionation of crude into more valuable products using their difference in boiling points. Increase in temp for distillation us achieved in 2 steps; first step is the heat exchange of crude with product streams at high temperatures. In the next step a furnace is used to further elevate the temperature.Our main point of discussion in this report is the first step of heat exchange called the Pre-heat train. The pre-heat train consists of 3 sections: Cold, Mid & hot. The purpose of each section is t o recover heat from hot product stream of RCO, SRGO etc and supply it to crude through a shell-tube type heat exchanger. The details about various heat exchanger used in process are presented in the report. Performance of some heat exchanger is more critical on overall heat exchange than others; these heat exchangers are classified as ‘Critical heat exchangers'. Constant monitoring of efficiency of these heat exchangers needs to be done.As Example calculations like heat duty, LMTD is done in this report for some of these critical heat exchangers (S-11C, S-23A/B) to check their efficiency. Crude distillation is an energy intensive process. With increasing oil costs, the focus is to maximize energy recovery. One way to do this is ‘heat integration' which is a technique to design a process to minimise energy consumption. Tools like pinch analysis are used for obtain an optimized heat exchanger network for heat integration in CDU. The retrofitting of the HEN in CDU is taken as case study in report to realize importance of heat integration.Meaning of all the key terms used in the report can be found in the Glossary. Necessary data used in the report has been obtained through manuals & officials of Guwahati refinery. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 7 1. 2 IOCL GUWAHATI REFINERY ? IOCL Indian Oil Corporation limited is largest state owned company in terms of revenue having ‘Maharatna’ status. It is ranked 98th in the Fortune global 500 listing. It’s biggest player in Indian downstream oil & Gas sector and operates10 of India's 21 refineries with refining capacity of 65. 7 MMTPA.Major ones are Panipat, Mathura, Guwahati, Gujrat, Haldia etc. Its products are Petrol, Diesel, LPG (Indane), ATF, lubricants, Naphtha, Kerosene etc. (1. 2. 1) Sector (India) IOCL Share Petroleum products 49% Refining capacity 37% Downstream pipelines 67% ? Guwahati Refinery Guwahati refinery is the first public sector refinery of India com missioned in 1962. It had an initial capacity of 0. 75 MMTPA which was extended to 1 MMTPA in 1986. Guwahati Refinery receives the raw crude from Oil India Limited & has a product line to Siliguri. Final products of Guwahati Refinery are Motor spirit (MS), ATF, Kerosene, LPG, Diesels, Petroleum Coke Sulphur. It’s an environmentally Conscious refinery with modern effluent treatment facilities, Stack gas monitoring, Products with strict environmental specifications like BS-3 & BS-4. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 8 1. 3 PRODUCTION UNITS ? Shown below in the table are the various production units of Guwahati refinery along with their use, feed & products(1. 3. 1): Unit Purpose Feed Output CDU Separation of Crude into useful products by distillation. Raw CrudeLPG , Naphtha, RCO, Kero-1 &2 DCU Thermal Cracking to obtain useful products from higher ends RCO CK, CGO, CFO, RFO and RPC HGU Production of hydrogen Light Naphtha (LN) Hydrogen INDMAX FCC unit for m aximizing LPG production from residual stocks. CFO, CK, RCO LPG & Gasoline Quality improvement of Diesel, ATF by removing sulphur. SRGO, KERO 1 &2 BS 3 Diesel, ATF, SKO HDT Improving Octane No. of MS by Hydrotreating & Isomerization LN Isomerate (MS) HDT off gases Elemental Sulphur _ _ Waste water Effluent free water MSQU Recovering Sulphur SRU OM ETP Crude & product storage, Pumping & blendingTreatment of waste water to remove oil and suspended solids Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 9 CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 10 2 CDU: Process Description INTRODUCTION Crude distillation unit or CDU in short is first & most important unit for any refinery. It’s called the ‘Mother unit’ as its products forms the feed of other units. CDU receives its crude from OM (oil movement and supply section) where it is supplied by Oil India Ltd from upper Assam oil fields. Incoming crude has following properties (2. 1 . 1): PropertyDensity at 15 oC Water content Salt content(ppm) Sulphur content(ppm) Value 0. 8735 2. 05% 8. 7 0. 29 CDU then stripes the crude into various products like kero1, kero2, reduced crude oil, LPG, heavy gasoline and light gasoline using the distillation principle of difference in boiling points. KEY FACTS ? ? ? Installed in 1962. Revamped and modernized in 1986 & 2000. Capacity of 1MMTPA but currently processing 1. 3 MMTPA It’s an Atmospheric distillation unit (ATU) PROCESS DESCRIPTION A brief description of the different processes taking place in CDU is given on next page (2. 1. 2): 1.Pre heating train before Desalter: Crude is pumped by pumps P1/1A at a pressure of 15 kg/cm2 through a series of heat exchangers where its temperature is elevated to 130o C. Crude is gaining heat in these exchangers from pre fractionated overhead vapours(in s-26), RCO( in s-29), SR Kero1 etc. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 11 2. Desalter: Demulsifier mixed crud e is fed at 130 o C to Desalter (v-101) where it is mixed with water through a mixing valve. The salt in crude dissolves in water and separated from the oil. Salt free crude on the other hand is pumped to Pre-topping column (CL-1) though 2 safety valves. 3.Pre-topping Column (CL-1): The average temperature of crude before entering pretopping column is 238 oC (achieved through heat exchange). The purpose of this column is to remove the straight run (SR) light gasoline and LPG from overhead and reduce the load on the main fractionating column. Shown below is the Flow diagram of CDU(2. 1. 1): 4. Atmospheric furnace (C 1 A): the crude coming from CL-1 bottom at 246 oC is fed to furnace. Furnace is fired by fuel oil (FO), Fuel gas (FG) or a mix of both supplied by DCU. The crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main fractionators’ column. 5.Main Fractionators column (CL-2): It’s the most important part of CDU. Cl-2 i s where the actual distillation is taking place crude is separated into different products of different cut. Stripping stream enters at the bottom. The various subsystems of CL-1 are: Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 12 a) Overhead system: The overhead of the column of the water and the Straight rum Heavy Gasoline (SRHG) are separated. b) Stripper column: A stripping column (CL-3) is attached to the main fractionating column . Its function is to strip apart (separate) kero1, kero 2 and straight run gas oil coming from main fractionating column. ) CL-2 Bottom Section: The remaining crude oil called as the reduced crude oil (RCO) comes out of the bottom of CL-2. RCO forms the feed of DCU 6. Light Gasoline /Heavy Gasoline Processing System: Un-stabilized light gasoline from CDU pre-toping column is stabilized in the stabilizer where LPG is recovered from it while heavy gasoline is split in the two naphtha splitter to separate LN (Light Naphtha), RN (Reformer Naphth a) and HN (Heavy Naphtha). The table below shows properties of the Products formed in the CDU(2. 1. 2): LN TBP cut HN Kero 1 Kero 2 SRGO RCO 65-135 135-165 165-190 190-300 300-370 370+ 11. 27 4. 90 8. 16 12. 11 22. 16 9. 7 0. 731 0. 786 0. 806 0. 866 0. 866 0. 9542 range Yield (% of crude) Density Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 13 CDU PRE-HEAT TRAIN (HEAT EXCHANGE IN CDU) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 14 3. 1 INTRODUCTION As we have seen the temperature of the Crude oil needs to increase to 354 oC in CDU. This section is a discussion on how this is achieved. Why Crude needs to be heated in CDU? The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures. Crude Distillation Unit is used to strip this crude into various products using the difference in their boiling points.Therefore for distillation to take place the temperature of the Crude has to be elevated to around 354 oC so that all the fractions of cr ude oil can vaporize and get separated. How Temperature of Crude is increased in CDU? The Temperature increase of Crude oil consists of 2 major steps: 1. A 3 Stage Heat exchange (called CDU pre-heat train) of crude with product streams at high temperatures using shell & tube type heat exchangers. This step results in crude being supplied at 246 oC (elevated from ambient) to the next step ‘The atmospheric Furnace’. 2. The atmospheric furnace (C-1A) is then used to further elevate the temperature.Modes of heat transfer in furnace are both convective and radiative the crude coming out of the furnace has a temperature of around 354 oC and goes to the flash zone of main distillation column (CL-2). Furnace alone is not used because it would to too expensive and Energy consuming. By exchanging heat with products, the pre-heat train is serving twin purpose; The Crude is being heated at the same the temperatures of product streams of SRGO, RCO, KERO is brought down which was nee ded for their storage. This heat would have otherwise been wasted. Our point of discussion in this report is the First step i. e. The Heat exchanger Network’ which we will now study in detail. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 15 3. 2 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER The Pre heat train uses shell & tube type heat exchager for heat transfer. ? It consist of two main things as its name implies Shell & Tubes ? The shell is a large vessel with a number of tubes inside it. ? The principle of operation: Two fluids of different temperatures are brought into close contact but they are not mixing with each other. One fluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.The temperature of the two fluids will tend to equalize. The heat is simply exchanged from one fluid to the other and vice versa. No energy is added or removed. Common types of shell and tube exchangers: Birla Institute of Technol ogy & Science Pilani 333031 16 3. 3 PRE-HEAT TRAIN: Description Our point of discussion in this report is first step of the 2 stages used for raising the temperature of crude i. e. the Heat exchanger network in which heat transfer occurs between crude and product streams of RCO, SRGO, and Kero 1. This network is also called the CDU pre-heat train.In this process the temperature of the crude is elevated form ambient conditions at which it is supplied from OM to 246oC. The heat needed for this is coming from the product streams which are at high temperatures. Dual purpose is served in this way: heating of crude as well as the cooling of product streams (needed for their storage). The pre-heat train is divided into three sections on the basis of temperature of crude flowing through them: 1. COLD section 2. MID section 3. HOT Section Shown below is the flow diagram of the CDU pre heat train (3. 3. 1): Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 17 1.Cold Section (before Desalt er): The crude from battery limit is pumped by pumps P-1/1A at about 15. 8 Kg/cm2 through a preheat train where it is heated to a temperature of 130 ? C before entering the Desalter (V-101). The following table shows the shell side & tube side streams of all exchanger in this section along with their inlet-outlet temperatures (3. 3. 2):Exchanger Service Shell Tube Total Surface area Heat Duty Temperature shell tube I O I O S-26 Gasoline Crude 300 x 1 2. 11 107 90 40 65 S-29 RCO Crude 171 x 1 0. 47 116 100 54 60. 3 S-12A Crude Kero 2 148 x 1 0. 92 60. 3 72. 6 130 82 S-27A/B Crude SRGO 183 x 2 1. 39 72. 5 0. 3 173 85 S-7 Kero 2 Crude 93 x1 1. 48 199 130 90. 3 109 S-11A/B RCO Crude 134 x 3 1. 49 165 115 109 122 2. Mid Section (Between Desalter and pre-topping column): The crude from the Desalter is pumped by pump P-21 A/B and divided equally into 2 streams (Train A & B) for further heating before entering the Pre-topping column. P-21A/B? Train â€Å"A†: S-24, S-9A, S-23A/B, S-9B /C, S-22 CL-1 Train â€Å"B†: S-4A/B, S-12B, S-25A/B The crude in train A is preheated by hot-streams of SR Gas Oil (in S-24), RCO (in S-9A, S-23A/B), SR Gas Oil (in S-9B/C), RCO (in S-22) to about 236 ? C. While the crude in Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 18 train B is preheated by SR kero circulating Reflux (CR) (in S-4A/B, S-12B) and RCO (in S-25A/B) to about 240 ? C. Desalted crude from both Train A and Train B streams are combined before entering the pre-topping column. Mixed preheat temperature achievable is around 238 ? C at which it is fed to pre-topping Column. Below is the table showing heat exchangers of mid section (3. 3. 3) Exchanger Shell Service Tube Total area Surface Heat Duty Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-9A Desalted Crude RCO S-23A/B RCO S-9B/C SRGO S-22 RCO S-4A/B Desalted Crude Desalted Crude RCO S-24 S-12B S-25A/B O I O SRGO – 0. 0 122 138 214 173 Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Desalted Crude Kero CR 149 x 1 0. 61 184 195 138 152 148 x 2 1. 93 241 184 153 195 82 x 2 0. 54 272 214 195 218 149 x 1 0. 91 320 296 218 236 148 x 2 1. 67 122 161 190 164 Kero CR 148 x 2 1. 8 161 198 216 190 Desalted Crude 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 297 283 228 223 3. Hot Section (At CL-1 Bottom): The topped crude from CL-1 bottoms is pumped by pumps P-2/2A to exchangers S16/S-9D in series, where it is heated by SR Gas Oil Circulatory reflux. It then passes to exchanger number S-11C and further to S-21 where it is heated by Reduced Crude Oil (RCO) to about 246?C. At this Temperature pre topped crude enters Atmospheric furnace (C-1A). The table on next page gives details about every heat exchanger in this section (3. 3. 4). Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 19 Exchanger Service Shell Total area Surface Heat Duty Tube Temperature oC Shell Tube I S-16/9D SRGO CR S-21 RCO S-11C RCO Skimmed crude Skimmed crude Skimmed crude O I O 186 x 2 2. 16 291 250 197 257 175 x 1 0. 61 336 320 239 246 134 x 3 1. 49 336 320 239 246 Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 20 HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE CALCULATION Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 333031 21 4. 1 CRITICAL HEAT EXCHANGER The critical heat exchangers are identified as the ones whose performance has a major impact on heat exchange rate, Production rate, product quality or environmental and health issues. Problem or inefficiency in any of the critical exchanger has a severe effect on overall heat exchange process occurring in the crude distillation unit. The engineers need to see that these exchangers are working efficiently for smooth running of the process (Though efficiency monitoring is important for every exchanger but the most attention has to be paid for Critical heat exchangers).Criteria for Classification: 1. Fouling: is accumulation of unwanted material of heat exchanger surface is called fouling. Fouling is inevitable in heat exchanger but certain heat exchangers are more prone to fouling than others. The se exchangers foul in short intervals and need to be cleaned frequently. Their regular maintenance is very necessary for the heat exchange process. E. g. is S-11/C in hot section is prone to frequent fouling. 2. Large surface area: Some heat exchanger have a very large heat transfer area which means they have a large contribution in total heat exchange taking place.Their inefficiency or by-passing them would have a vital effect of final crude temperature. For example S-23 A/B in the mid section of heat exchanger trains. 3. Single heat exchanger in line: If a heat exchanger is single heat exchanger in the line like the one used in circulating reflux then it cannot be stopped or by-passed. For any maintenance work on them the whole unit has to shut down. Example is S16/9D. In next section the basic performance measurement calculations like heat, Duty, LMTD, Heat transfer coefficient is done for some of these critical heat exchangers. Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePilani 33303 1 22 4. 2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: Examples This section analyzes the performances of some main heat exchangers of pre-heat train through calculation of simple performance measurement tools like Heat duty, LMTD & Heat transfer coefficient. The definitions & formulas for these tools can be found in glossary at the end of the report. 1) S-25 A/B ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Mid ? Properties: Exchanger no. S-25A/B Service Shell No. of passes Shell Tube Tube RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 Total Surface area Heat Sq. M x no. of Duty element 113. 15 x 2 2. 0 (4. 2. 1) ? Design Data: Shell 54554 55454 296 241 (I) (O) 49. (uncorrected) Total flow (Kg/h) Operating temperature (? C) LMTD (? C) Tube 77586 77586 197. 7 240. 5 (I) (O) 47. 1 (corrected) (4. 2. 2) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr S-25A/B Service Temperature,  °C Shell Tube Post M Shell side I 297. 5 O 283. 7 Tube side I O 231. 9 245 Nov 11 Exchanger No. 263 253 198 RCO crude 203 (4. 2. 3) ? Calculations: 1. Heat D uty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 23 2. Heat Duty (practical): 559336 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD (practical): 1. 01 4. LMTD (practical): 52. 12 (uncorrected), 51. 7(corrected) ? Observation The practical heat transfer of 559336 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 2002813. 7 Kcal/hr. ? Conclusions 1. The exchanger is not working efficiently 2. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 24 2) S-11/C ? Type: Shell & tube ? Section: Hot ? Properties: It’s a critical heat exchanger because of the frequent fouling Service Exchanger no. Shell Tube S-11C RCO PreDesalter No. of passes Shell Tube 1 2 Total Surface area Sq. m x no. of lement 134 x 3 Heat Duty 1. 49 (4. 2. 4) ? Design data: Shell Tube Total flow (Kg/h) 54554 55454 155171 Operating temperature (? C) 336 (I) 320 (O) 239 (I) LMTD (? C) _ 1551 71 246 (O) _ (4. 2. 5) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate: 59871. 5 Exchanger No. S-11C Service Shell Tube RCO Skimmed Crude Post M Nov ‘11 Temperature,  °C Shell side Tube side I O I O 327 315 257. 8 263 330. 2 275 231 255 (4. 2. 6) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 25 ? Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 6295320 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 597382. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor for LMTD(practical) = 0. 75 4. LMTD (practical): 82. 84 (uncorrected), 80. 79(corrected) ? Observations: Heat transfer at present is 597382. 7 Kcal/hr which is satisfactory as compared to design heat transfer of 6295320. ? Conclusions: The present performance of the heat exchanger is satisfactory as compared to design. This little variation in the design heat duty and practical heat duty is due to variation in value of Cp of RCO with temperature. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 26 3) S-23A/B ? Type : Shell & Tube ? Section: Mid (Train A) ? Properties: It is an critical heat exchager becase of its large heat transfer areaService Total Surface area No. of passes Shell Tube Shell Tube (Sq. m x no. of element) RCO Desalted Crude 1 2 148 x 2 Heat Duty 1. 93 (4. 2. 7) ? Design Data: Property Shell Tube Total Flow (Kg/h) Temperature (? C) I 54554 241. 0 O 54554 184. 0 I 77585 152. 70 O 77585 195. 0 Specific Heat (Kcal/kg-? C) 0. 646 0. 597 0. 566 0. 617 LMTD (? C) 38. 21 35. 6 (4. 2. 8) ? Practical data: Mass flow rate (RCO) = 59187. 5 Kg/hr Temperature  °C Service Shell RCO Tube crude Shell side Post M Nov ‘11 Tube side I 260. 2 O 230 I 145. 7 O 178. 8 253 230 142 160 (4. 2. 9) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 27 Calculations: 1. Heat Duty (design): M*Cp*(Ti –To) = 1932602. 7 Kcal/hr 2. Heat Duty (practical): 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr 3. Correction factor: 4. LMTD (practical): (uncorrected), (corrected) ? Observations The pra ctical heat transfer of 1161000. 7 Kcal/hr is much lower than the design heat duty of 1932602. 7. The value of LMTD on the other hand is actually higher in case of practical situation ? Conclusions The heat exchanger is not working efficiently. Due to fouling the temperature difference across the crude side is low which is reducing the total heat exchange in the exchanger even after having a high LMTD value.Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 28 HEAT INTEGRATION Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 29 4. 1 HEAT INTEGRATION: Introduction In Today’s process industries like Guwahati refinery increasing energy efficiency is of prime importance. With the rising costs of input like crude, power the process has to be designed to have maximum energy recovery so as to reduce the costs. Heat integration is one of the ways to achieve this. 1. MEANING Heat integration is technique for designing a process to minimise energy consumption and maximise heat recovery.Its part of the broader term ‘Process integration’ which is a holistic approach to process design which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately. 2. NEED FOR HEAT INTEGRATION Heat integration can lead to substantial reduction in the energy requirements of a process thus saving costs. It’s the answer to following questions: ? Are the existing processes as energy efficient as they should be? ? What changes can be made to increase energy efficiency without incurring any costs? What is the most important utility mix for the process? What investments can be made to increase energy efficiency? ? How to put energy efficiency & other targets like emission reduction, increasing plant capacity into one coherent strategic plan? 3. TOOLS FOR HEAT INTEGRATION ? Pinch Analysis The term pinch technology was introduced by Linnhoff to represent a set of the rmodynamics based tools that that guarantee minimum energy levels in design of heat exchanger networks. Pinch Technology provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in processes & total sites. Its prime objective is to provide energy saving by better process heat integration. Here are some of its key features:Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 30 1. Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics. 2. Pinch analysis is applicable for both new design as well as the retrofit systems. 3. It was developed for crude distillation systems but is now applicable to large number of process industries. 4. In addition to energy conservation Pinch technology provides general improvements 5. Some famous Pinch softwares are Pinch ExpressTM, Aspen PinchTM & SuperTargetTM ? Retrofit analysis Retrofit analysis is done to in old process processes to see what modifications suggested by pinch analysis are most suitable for the project.It looks into the optimization of the p rocess through energy capital trade off. In oil refining, retrofit designs are far more common than grass root applications. The retrofit targets are preferably achieved by re-using existing equipment more efficiently rather than installing new equipments and incurring new costs. 4. STEPS IN HEAT INTEGRATION Shown below are the different steps of heat integration (5. 1. 1) Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 31 5. 2 HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU 1. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT INTEGRATION IN CDU Distillation is the largest single energy consumer in the Refinery.Large section of oil is spent in fuelling the CDU itself. It is energy intensive process as the temperature of the crude has to be elevated to a high temperature of 354 oC. This increase in temperature is achieved by exchanging heat in various heat exchangers between crude and streams of RCO, SR Gasoline, Kero 2 etc which are at high temperature. Heat integration focuses on achieving maximum energy recovery from these strea ms through an optimized HEN so that the crude can be supplied at highest possible temperature to the furnace, thus saving energy.A recent development in distillation technology has shown potential savings of up to 15-40 % through the heat? integrated exchanger network (pre-heat train) & distillation column. 2. HEAT INTEGRATION AT CDU GUWAHTI REFINEY What has been done? 1. The basis of heat integration in heat exchange process is putting process hot streams in thermal contact with process cold streams. We have already seen how product hot streams of RCO, SRGO etc at high temperature are used to exchange heat with the crude oil at low temperature. 2.Designing of an Optimized Heat Exchanger Network in pre-heat train using heat integration tools like pinch analysis & retrofit analysis in July 2010. This design allows maximum energy heat recovery. What can be done? 1. Using heat integrated distillation columns. HIDC can save energy by recovering excess heat from the rectifying section fo r usage in the stripping section. Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani 333031 32 2. Seeing the interactions of HEN and distillation column and applying combined heat integration for whole unit.

Factors Of Career And Personality Assessments - 849 Words

Pathway to Elementary Education Emily is college freshman at Tarrant County College, a community college based in Fort Worth, Texas. Emily plans to attend junior college for a year and then would like to transfer to a larger university. She is struggling with the decision of choosing a major. Deciding what she wants to do for â€Å"the rest of her life† is very stressful. Her parents think she should go into the medical field because the jobs are plentiful, but she never did well in her science classes in high school, and the sight of blood makes her sick. Emily mentioned that she worked with the second grade class at church and always enjoyed her time with this age group. She wonders if this interest might be something she should pursue. As Emily’s academic advisor, I suggested some helpful steps she should take that would assist her in making these important decisions. Assessments One of the first steps in helping a student who is undecided about their degree is to suggest useful assessments. Career and personality assessments are beneficial in several ways. They can help provide insight into personality traits, skills, and interests of a student. The results in turn can help students make connections between these traits and careers that they are well suited for. There are two tools in particular that I find beneficial. The first is a database called O*Net Online. This website has assessment tools to measure abilities, interests, knowledge and skills. It also hasShow MoreRelatedDifferential Psychology : Cognitive Ability1723 Words   |  7 PagesThese domains include differences in behavior, personality, cognition, orientation and affect. Differential psychology focuses on these domains, by studying differences in our actions, emotions, intelligences, needs and activities. (Revelle, Wilt, Condon, 2011). This paper will review four domains of indivi dual differences: cognitive ability, personality, orientation (values and interests) and affective disposition. It will also focus on personality, explaining major ideas, themes and theoristsRead MoreThe Process Of Career Selection1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe process of career selection is greatly influenced by life events that we experience. There are certain life experiences that stir us away for certain work environments in large part because of the displeasure for a particular work environment. We learn through life experiences that we been through and it makes us realize we want in life as well as careers that we desire. Additionally, important figures such as fathers, mothers, and other role models also play a vital role in the working environmentRead MoreWho Is Serving As A Customer Service Manager For A Major Retail Bank1209 Words   |  5 Pagesand government agencies. Based on the Five Factor Personality Model, the author received a score of high as an extravert and m oderate with other personality types with the exception of agreeableness with a low. This research paper will examine if the personality scores that the author received are aligned with the authors career choice by discussing organizational and individuals personality type advisement from scholarly article research. The Five Factor Model is an effective way to match up employeeRead MorePersonality Assessments : Personality Assessment1205 Words   |  5 Pages Personality Assessment Review Miranda Basham Clarion University of Pennsylvania â€Æ' Personality Assessments A personality assessment is the measurement of personal characteristics (personality assessment | psychology). Personality tests provide measures of characteristics like, feelings and emotional states, preoccupations, temperament, interests, motivations, attitudes, and approaches to interpersonal relations. A personality is a complex pattern of characteristics that are relativelyRead MoreSample Resume : The Livecareer Skills Assessment1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe LiveCareer skills assessment gives the individual the opportunity to complete an assessment to determine which occupations match the skills of the individual. In taking this assessment, the reader was able to gather information on careers that are of interest. Most people select careers that they are interested in or have the skills to perform certain jobs. According to the text, a career is defined as the pattern of work-related experiences that span the course of a person’s life (Werner DeSimoneRead MoreThe Myer s Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti ) Are Both Personality Assessments Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Birkman Method and The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are both personality assessments. The Birkman Method is based on the theories of Dr. Roger W. Birkman and the work of Dr. Roy B. Mefferd, Jr. and Dr. Timothy G. Sadler. The MBTI is based on the theories of Dr. Carl Gustav Jung and the work of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. Both are non-clinical assessments. The working manuals for both assessments have recognized and documented, content, construct, criterion-related validitiesRead MoreCareer Development And Performance Of Succession Planning Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Development and Performance Succession planning selects and develops future company leaders, but it is also an important opportunity an organization can use to develop employees for non-management roles. Succession planning concentrates on high-potential employees that the organization considers promising for higher-level manager positions (Noe, 2016). Succession planning should be combined with talent reviews to help employees understand their current skills and abilities and the skillsRead MoreDescription Of Assessment : John Holland s Riasec1270 Words   |  6 PagesDESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT John Holland’s RIASEC (1997) theory has had a major influence within the field of career counseling. His theory, which promotes that satisfaction increases when there is similarity between individuals’ interests and related environments, has led to the development of many useful, reliable, and valid inventories, such as the Self Directed Search. The Self Directed Search (SDS) is a popular assessment that has been used by more than 30 million people worldwide, and it is availableRead MoreFOCUS 2 Paper940 Words   |  4 Pagescontinue my career journey. My career planning readiness results seemed to fit in where I am at in my life. My score was a 3.67, this indicates that I am moderately involved in my interests, values, personality and skills. Agreeing with this because I have been not only trying to figure out who I am as an adult but also making life changes. Although having a clear understanding on these topics, career exploration and career planning satisfaction wer e both low threes in scores. For example, my career planningRead MoreThe Theory Of Career Counseling1072 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most widely used, respected, and researched theory of career counseling (pg. 148). With research providing a foundation of effectiveness and usefulness, Holland’s theory provides a positive framework for assisting clients achieve career and occupational satisfaction. Holland notes various personality types providing one with insight into their interest, traits, and factors that ultimately lead to career happiness. The six personality types previously identified as realistic, investigative,