Serial Killer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Serial Killer - Research Paper Example His brutality can be analyzed from the fact that he labeled the spraying of cyanide on to his prey as the best killing option that he liked. Richard Kuklinski was a criminal who did not feel guilty about his acts. His dark childhood laid an impact on his future killings (Holmes et al 2009; Martin 2006). Richard Kuklinski was born to Anna and Stanley Kuklinski. They belonged to a low income household. His father was an alcoholic and his mother was a Catholic and a strong follower of her religion. He received many beatings at the hands of his father and his mother. The cruelty with which his father used to beat the children can be analyzed from the fact that his beatings resulted in the death of one of Richard’s siblings. Thus, Richard was brought up in a very disturbed household. His childhood was not only darkened by the trauma that he had to suffer at his house, but Richard was also the victim of the bullies of his neighborhood (Shaw 2008). The instillation of violence in his character began at an early age. He used to make the cats of his neighborhood as the victim of his violence. He committed his first murder at the bare age of 14. He killed a boy named Johnny who was bullying him by using a cue stick as his weapon. His first killing raised his spirits and he continued this act of killing anyone who displeased him. He got married to a woman named Barbara at the age of 26 years. He then adapted the criminal path for his livelihood. He first sold pornographic material and later he became a hit man for the Gambino family. He fell in the hands of the police authorities in the year 1986 during a major crackdown operation (Holmes et al 2009; Martin 2006). The differential association theory of crime truly depicts the character of Richard Kuklinski. The differential association theory puts forward the fact that a person is directed towards committing of crime from what he learns and sees. This can be understood as Richard was instilled with

Knowledge and reality Essay Example for Free

Knowledge and reality Essay The quest for knowledge remains a perplexing problem in the field of philosophy. Even nowadays mankind continue to seek to understand himself and the world around him he is thirst to know were exactly our knowledge comes from. The question of knowledge appears to be a battle between the empirisists who believed that knowledge is acquired through sense experience and the rationalists who believed that knowledge can only be required through reasoning. Although there are a lot of people who abides with these groups in my essay in my essay I will only deal with John locke who in this case argues that knowledge is acquired throughsense experience thereby representing the empirisists group and Rene Descartes who argues that knowledge comes fronm reasoning thereby representing the rationalists. Diffrent scholars have also shown their appreciation to the work which was done by the two groups. Rene Descartes who is the rationalist have claimed that the ultimate starting point for knowledge is is not the senses but reason. According to Cottingham,Descartes argues that knowledge of a particular subject matter is underwritten by intuition or rational insight and deductive reasoning rather than experience of that subject matter(1984). Descartes in this case is of the opinion that the only way one can acquire knowledge is through deductive reasoning ,reasoning that aims at exactitude. In one way or other that exactitude is the one which we can now call knowledge Descartes maintain that without prior categories and principles supplied by reason wen could not organise and interrupt one’s sense experience in any way (Kenny:1986). In this case one would be faced with just one huge ,undifferentiated,kaleidospic whirl of sensation ,signifying nothing(Kenny:1986). Rationalism in its purest form goes so far as to hold that al our rational beliefs and the entirety of human knowledge consists in human principles and innate concepts. According to Russel Descartes believes that men are born with innate ideas or ideas that we are born with (1946:548). He argues that those innate ideas are generated and certified by reason along with anything logically deducable these first principles. Furthermore on innate ideas ,a number of mankind still how can reason supply ay mental category or first principle at all? The question is a bit easy for such people like Descartes who claimed that we are born with several fundamental concepts or categories in our minds ready for use(Stitch:1975). Descartes went own to argue that this gives us innate knowledge . This might be through certain categories of space ,time,cause and effect. In one way or other Descartes argues that people thinks in terms of cause and effect and this helps one’s experience of the world(Stitch:1975). A ccording to Stitch Descartes argues that people think of themselves as seing some things causing other things to happen,but in terms of our raw sense experience ,one sees certain things happen before other thing happen and remember having seen such before and after the sequences at earlier times (1975). One can come up with an example like ,a rock hits the window and then the window breaks. We don’t see the third thing called causation but we believe it has happened. The rock hitting the window caused it to break but this is not experienced like the fight of the rock or the shattering of the glass. Descartes argues that experience does not seem to force the concept of causation on us. On this case Descartes bis denying the fact that knowledge comes fron sense experience but reasoning. Descartes also claimed that the foundations of our knowledge are propositions that are self-evidently true. A self-evident proposition has the strange property of being such that ,on merely understanding what it says and without any further checking or special evidence of any kind. One can just intellectually see that it is true(Caruthers:1992). If A is greater than B the B is greater than C and therefore A is greater than C. In this example the claim is that once these statements are understood ,it takes no further sense experience whatsoever to see that they are true . Descartes was athinker who used sceptical doubt as a prelude to constructing a retionalist philosophy. He was convinced that all our beliefs that are founded on the experience of the external senses could be called into doubt ,but that with certain beliefs like ‘I am thinking’,there is n o room for creating and sustaining a reasonable doubt(Pojman:1991:72). Descartes then tried to find enough other first principles with immune to rational doubt that he could provide an indubitable ,rational basis for all other legitimate beliefs. According to Pojman Descartes thought that mathematics gave a paradigm or model of certain knowledge or of attaining such knowledge (1991:73). He argued that mathematical knowledge is based on self evident axioms ,or first principles. In this case those principles are clear and distinctly persued as self-evident and in other words they are indubitable that is to say it is hard to doubt them. They are intrinsically valid on self-certifying . Dscartes argues that once we have such self-evident truths ,then with the rules of reasoning or logic ,theories can be validly deduced from them (Spinoza:1905). Descartes wanted to apply the method of philosophy as he argued that in mathematics ther is no appeal to sense experience . Human reasoning is the sole source of mathematical knowledge (Spinoza:1905). In this case Descartes claimed that by poor reasoning one can achieve knowledge. It was this method of doubt that Descartes used to get at the indubitable starting point which will be unshakable foundation of the edifice of knowledge hence to doubt means to think and think means to be(Pojman:1991). On the other hand we have the empirialists who in this case are being represented by John Locke. Locke is of the view that knowledge is acquired through sense experience. Locke was actually influenced by Descartes writings in which Descartes was arguing that knowledge comes from reasoning and the issue of innate ideas. According to Pojman Locke believes that the senses we maintain ,gives us all our raw data about the world and without this raw material their would be no knowledge at all(Pojman:1991:83). To Locke perception starts a process and from this process come all our beliefs . In its purest form ,Locke and his collegues believes that sense experience alone gave birth to all our knowledge. Locke was influenced by Descartes writings because what Descartes believes was the opposite of what Locke and his collegues believed mostly on the issue of innate ideas hence he decided to put on his suggestion on were exactly our knowledge comes from. Locke argues that innate ideas are suppose to be inborn ideas and they are their in the human mind since birth (Locke:1894). He argues that these ideas are neither created by us nor derived from our experiences. Locke argues that the human mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ meaning to say it is blank and it looks like a white sheet of paper without any content or ideas. According to Pojman there are no inborn ideas in the human mind(Pojman:1991). Ideas denote the content of human mind and consciousness. This then supports the idea that all ideas spring from experiences. According to Spinoza ,Locke argues that all knowledge is formed as and ultimately derived from sensational or inner reflection(1905) To add more the empirisists argue thatideas acquired through sensation and reflection are simple ideas. According Russel Locke argues that the mind has the power to reject ,compare and combine them to then form complex ideas(1946:551) . The simple ideas are the materials of the mind or consciousness. The mind elaborates them in defferent ways and this knowledge is developed(Russel:1946:551)Simple ideaas in this case are thus produced in the mind by the outer things through external experiences and simple ideas posseses valididty. The two theories presents different ideas on were exactly we get knowledge but I think I am convinced with the theory of Descartes which says knowledge is acquired through reason. Although the theory was mainly meant for the mathmaticians I think it is good for me because a men ought to reason so as to find knowledge. To me reasoning shows that someone really is thinking deeper so as to find whatever he wants . The method of doubt which he uses convince me also because I think through doubting you will be able to find knowledge. The Christians might want to say Thomas was wrong but in one way or other Thomas made Christians to know that realy the man they saw was Jesus and Christians were made to believe that really there is resurrection and this was through doubting Thomas. I cant just believe what I have not see without doubting because nowadays people tend to lie so as to get whatever they want in their lives . Therefore the theory of Descartes to me is good one on how we aquire knowledge . ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Carruthers. P.(1992)Human knowledge and human nature,Oxford: Oxford University Press’ Cottingham. J. (1984)Rationalism,London:Palada books. Fieser. P. (1991) Introduction to Philosophy. Oxford:Oxiford University Press Kenny. A. (ed). (1986)Rationalism,Empiricism and Idealism ,Oxiford:Oxiford University Press Locke. J. (1690)An essay on human understanding. (ed)R. Woolhouse. (1997). London:Panguin Books Louis. P. (2007)The theory of knowledge ,classical and temporary readings. Belment CA:Wadsworth Stitch. S. (ed)(1975)Innate ideas ,Berkely CA:Carlifonia University Press Russell. B. (1912)History of Western Philosophy . Oxiford:Oxiford University Press.

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay Massage and joint movement increases blood supply to bones, this helps nutrition to flow, feeding growing bones. The increased blood flow helps get rid of waste matter. Massage improves posture.  Brings good body tone and balance, reducing stress on joints and bones.  Posture will improve when the muscles are relaxed and lengthened. Poor posture impacts on the other systems of the body. For example sitting slouched with drooped shoulders and tight pectorals in a slumped posture will stop the lungs from fully expanding. Massage can improve mobility.  If a person had stiffness and restricted mobility within their joints, massaging with passive movements can ease the joints improving their range of movement. This is caused by the warming up of the synovial fluid within the joint making it more fluid. Movement causes a release of fresh synovial fluid into the joint, lubricating a dry joint. A dry joint will cause friction and pain. Also any thickening of the connective tissue may b e reduced helping to release restrictions in the joint. It helps to loosen adhesions, improve scar tissue and reduce inflammation, helping to improve mobility to stiff joints. Massage reduces physical stress placed on bones and joints which improves muscle tone and balance.   Due to increased lymphatic and blood flow stimulated by massage red blood cells are released from bone marrow, which improves overall health and energy as they carry oxygen through the body. Muscular System There are three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that work with the connective tissues to allow movement in the body. When we want to move our brain sends impulses to the muscles to make them move. Cardiac muscles form most of the hearts wall. They are called the myocardium and are involuntary muscles. They contract to make our heartbeat. Visceral muscles are also involuntary. These muscles are smooth and form the walls of the viscera. Visceral muscles are those that help move food along in the digestive tract, veins and arteries as well as the tubular structures of the urinary tract. Massage increases the supply of blood and nutrients to muscles, restores tone and strength to muscles. It helps get rid of muscle adhesions due to illness or injury. It increases flexibility and strength in joints. Due to overuse muscles can stay contracted causing imbalance in the body. Tight muscles can constrict blood flow and will pull posture out of alignment. These problems can be corrected through massage by stretching and relaxing the muscle we increase flexability and encourage the muscle to return to its original length. When muscles work, they burn oxygen and glucose and produce lactic acid. A build up of lactic acid in the muscles will cause cramps and muscle soreness. Massage will remove the lactic acid and other waste products from the muscles relieving pain from that area. It will help reduce the formation of adhesions that occur due to overuse and general wear and tear, microscopic tears occur in the muscle fibres. If not treated these will be replaced by inelastic, s car tissue. We can adapt our massage moves to work into muscles to reduce their formation. Massage will improve muscle tone.  Ã‚  Healthy muscles constantly contract and relax. Massage can improve the tone of the muscles of the inactive, bed ridden or paralyzed as they will have poor or no muscle tone. Massage relieves muscle cramps, increases flexibility and tone, reduce waste products within the muscle. Massaging the muscle with care during a cramp can help to reduce the duration of it. Effects on the Cardiovascular System Massage can improve circulation by assisting the flow of blood back to the heart. It helps dilate blood vessels helping them to work better. It improves blood flow through the veins by bringing fresh oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide. It can temporarily lower blood pressure, due to dilation of capillaries. It can decrease the heart rate due to relaxation. It helps to reduce ischaemia which is a reduced in flow of blood to body parts, often painful with tissue dysfunction. It improves the return of blood in the veins.  Ã‚  Blood has to continually works hard against gravity to return from feet back to the heart. We massage towards the heart to help the return of blood through the veins. (blood carried in the veins).  Massaging lowers blood pressure and has two positive effects on blood pressure, it will help the client relax and their heart rate decreases. Blood pressure is the pressure put on the artery wall each time blood passes through the artery. Massage slows the heart with fewer beats per minute reducing blood pressure. Respiratory System The respiratory system is comprised of the lungs and the passages that lead to and from them. This system begins at the nostrils and end at the lungs. It is in the lungs that oxygen from the outside meets the blood via the thin tissues in the lungs. Massage deepens breathing improving lung capacity by relaxing any tightness in the respiratory muscles. Massage on the body encourages deep breathing which increases lung capacity and increases our ability to take in more air. It improves breathing patterns, helping us to relax. Through deeper breathing we help to eliminate carbon dioxide, allowing increased oxygen to all body tissues. Massage can have soothing effects and aids in relief of many, long-term respiratory disease, such as asthma and bronchitis. On long term conditions like cystic fibrosis daily massage plays a vital role as it dislodges and expels mucus from the body keeping the airways clear. Breathing is slowed down as there is reduced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Ã‚  When people are stressed they breathe rapidly and shallowly, not inhaling enough oxygen and not exhaling enough carbon dioxide. This means our blood is being deprived of oxygen to take throughout our body. Massage stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system which slows and deepens breathing. Massage improves posture which will also make breathing deeper. Massage stimulates the intercostal muscles which are attached to the ribs when contracted these muscles pull on the ribs, which expand the lungs to cause inspiration, improving the condition and tone of these muscles. Massage improves the exchange of gases in the body.  Throughout the body, there is an exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide. This will be stimulated by massage. Effects on the Lymphatic System Excess fluid in the tissue is reduced during massage by increased lymphatic drainage and removal of waste from the system. Regular massage will increase white blood cells which may help to strengthen the immune system. In massage we drain lymph from the cells to the lymph nodes, this improves the circulation of lymph and the removal of toxins from the cells. Effects on the Urinary System The urinary system is mainly comprised of the kidneys, bladder and the urethra. It filters out toxins and certain waste products that the blood has taken from the cells. Massaging the kidneys can cleanse the blood and strengthens the urinary system. It speeds up the production of waste through the lungs, skin, blood and bowels. Due to increased circulation and lymph drainage from the tissues during massage we produce more urine that usual. Conclusion Massaging the body has a knock-on effect throughout all the systems of the body, bringing balance to the body, where it can repair and renew within the systems. Massage effects the body through manipulation of soft tissues with pressure and movement resulting in mechanical responses throughout the body. The nerves responding to stimulation causing reflex responses. By relaxing both body and mind, reducing anxiety/stress and making a person feel better, boosts self-esteem, positive thinking and improves body image and awareness leading to the client taking better care of their general health. There are different types of massage and these can be adapted to suit the specific needs of a persons health or well being. It can benefit all age groups and is now available in most beauty salons at a reasonable price.

Vonnegut versus Strindberg :: essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut is one of the preeminent writers of the later half of the twentieth century. His works are all windows to his mind, a literary psychoanalysis. The play â€Å"Miss Julie†, by August Strindberg, has two subordinates, a daughter and a servant, who are subject to eachother’s authority. Julie is Jeans superior in terms of class, jean is julies superior in terms of morality, because Jean is a man and Julie is a â€Å"degenerate† woman. These class differences structure most of both the plays actions. The plays are conservative in sentiment. They keep these superior and inferior positions in place and ultimately submits both characters to the total authority of the count. An uncountable number of power reversals occurring along class and gender lines throughout the plays. The difference between Jean and Julie is central to their attraction. Whereas Julie expresses a desire to fall from her social position, Jean expresses an idle desire to climb up from his social position. Jean hopes to better his social status by sleeping with Julie, when he discovers that she is penniless, he abandons his plans. By sleeping with Jean, Julie degrades herself and places herself beneath Jeans level. The power shifts again, however, when Julie reasserts her superior class, mocking Jean’s name and family line. In Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Who am I This Time,† Harry Nash is a shy hardware store employee. But whenever he takes a part in a local amateur theatre production, he becomes the part completely. Helene is new in town, a lonely internant telephone company employee. On a whim, she auditions for and gets the part of Miss Julie. Before anyone realizes the problem, she falls madly in love with Jean not knowing what the real man is like. In both plays the people fall for each other, not knowing who they are really falling in love with.

Carnegie Steel Mill Company Essay

It’s a honor to be ‘ere today with y’all Congressmen. I came ‘ere today to speak to y’all about the workin’ conditions in the Carnegie Steel Mill Company. We work twelve hour shifts, seven days a week. We don’t get any breaks, only the lucky ones who seem to find a minute or two to spare can get some breaks. Most don’t bring in food ‘cus we don’t have any time to eat while we work. We earn ten dollars only a week, while the salary of Andrew Carnegie is the salary of four thousand workers put together. There are not any old men here ‘cus its always hot and the work just sapped the life out of you. Most can only work ‘till the age of forty ‘cus of the conditions. Its swelterin’ hot all the time, we sweat a lot, an’ we drink tons of water. I lost forty pounds in three weeks. I’m super skinny an’ my wife is starting to worry about me. She wants me to see a doctor but I cannot afford one. Another thin’ to add, we have only one, yes one, holiday an’ that is the Fourth of July. We should have more holidays because we work too long an’ get paid too little. Andrew Carnegie is a stealin’ son of a gun and needs to be brought to justice. My house looks, how to put this, ugly because my family can only afford a single room house, which currently has three in it total. Me, my wife, an’ my son, who is working in the coal mines an’ is only ten years old. His contribution to the family makes us go by barely. We only eat one meal a day if we can afford it. I’m proposin’ a bill that will give us all a better housing’ breaks, more holidays, an’ a better pay. Please take in a consideration of what I said when you are overlookin’ my bill. Thanks for havin’ me ‘ere with y’all Congressmen.

A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications.

A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications. Shalom H. Schwartz, social psychologist and author of  a theory of cultural value orientations has done research on  universal values  and how they exist in a wide variety of contexts. Most of his work addressed broad questions about values, such as: how are individuals’ priorities affected by social experiences, how do individuals’ priorities influence their behavior and choices, and, how do value priorities influence ideologies, attitudes, and actions in political, religious, environmental, and other domains.Through his studies, Schwartz concluded that ten types of universal values exist: achievement, benevolence, conformity,  hedonism, power, security, self-direction, stimulation, tradition, and  universalism. Schwartz also tested the possibility of  spirituality  as an eleventh universal value, but found that it did not exist in all cultures. Schwartz's value theory and instruments are part of the biannual  European Social Survey.His work presents a theory of seven cultural value orientations that form three cultural value dimensions. applies it to understanding relations of culture to significant societal phenomena. In this theory we can find Shwartz’s conception of culture, a conception of the normative value system that underlies social practices and institutions. He derived seven value orientations that are useful for describing and comparing societies. His research is based on analyses of data across 75 countries.Using the cultural orientations, Shwartz generated a worldwide empirical mapping of 75 national cultures that identifies 7 transnational cultural groupings: West European, English-speaking, Latin American, East European, South Asian, Confucian influenced, and African and Middle Eastern. There are briefly discussed cultural characteristics of these groupings. Also I’ve found   the examples of socioeconomic, political, and demogra phic factors that give rise to national differences on the cultural value dimensions, factors that are influenced by culture.